The history of HCI within Microsoft
HCI in Microsoft was first devised by its founders, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, when their dream was to see a computer in every household in the near future. As such, this lead to multiple designs and developments for various different types of computers.
The first ever electronic computer that was programmable was that of the Colossus, which was first invented between WWI and WWII. The Colossus itself was huge when compared to today's computers and, as such, simply was not possible to be used in everyday households. Instead, it was used as a deciphering device in World War II by the allied troops, in order to decipher German communications.
This computer featured no interface like what we have today. I.E, there were no screens. Since then, computers have been refined and, by the time that Microsoft first started back in 1975, computers were in a manageable state in terms of size. From this, Microsoft's dream sparked and they wanted to see every household with a computer.
Before this dream was realised, other methods of computing were used, such as the punch-card machines, but again, these were too big and complicated to have in every household. Instead, the most common device found in a household was that of a typewriter.
1980 - 1981
In 1980, Microsoft developed an operating system that was named MS-DOS. This used a command-line interface, with barely any graphical features except for that of a screen with text on it. However, when it was shipped in 1981, it was confusing to use for the general public, as people were barely used to operating computers, let alone using commands to make the computer work. As such, it was very difficult to use and was only really usable by those who had training, such as the programmers themselves.
While Microsoft managed to ship these, potentially meeting their dream of distributing a computer to every household, it needed refining into something that was a lot easier and less cryptic to use.
1982-1985
As a result of MSDOS, the operating system that was too difficult to use, Microsoft further developed it into something that is much simpler. In 1983, Microsoft announced the Windows 1.0, which was another operating that, instead of using command line commands, it used that of a GUI to display various graphical elements on the screen.
Due to the design, the operating system was given the name "Windows," as the various elements on the screen were individual squares, resembling that of actual windows. This new operating system was the first major breakthrough for Microsoft that allowed worldwide adoption of computers in the home. This was due to the simplicity of the operating system where, instead of having to enter commands, the user simply used a mouse cursor to click on what they want the computer to do.
The graphical aspects made it easier to use, as users could easily distinguish the different elements of the screen and they needed no prior knowledge to operating a computer, resulting in less user input needed overall. The various graphic elements included drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons and dialogue boxes. This operating system was shipped worldwide in 1985.
1987-1990
Since Windows 1.0, Microsoft had been looking for various ways to improve it. This resulted in another milestone for Microsoft, namely that of Windows 2.0, which was released in 1987.
This new version boasted many features and improvements over the last instalment, namely that of desktop icons, expanded memory, improved graphical support and the use of hotkey shortcuts were also introduced. Aside from these features, the user was also able to overlap the various windows shown on-screen, as well as being able to control the layout of the screen.
This version of Windows also saw improvements made to it after it's release, but usually in the form of performance, rather than usability. The amount of improvements made took the version all the way up to 2.11 when another version of Windows was released. By 1988, Microsoft became the biggest PC software company in the world.
1990-1994
In 1990, Microsoft released yet another version of Windows, named Windows 3.0. This newer version saw vast improvements to the GUI, increasing the usability factor as the elements were even easier to distinguish from one another.
The graphical changes that were made were vast, as Windows was now able to support that of 16 colours, improved icons and, better yet, an even better looking GUI overall. As technology improved, Windows was made to take full advantage of this increase in power. At the time, the latest processor was that of the Intel 386, which boasted major power for it's time. As a result, the overall performance of Windows increased vastly and with it came the support for even more programs.
These new programs would run notably faster than that of the previous windows. By this time, to show off Windows 3.0's power, Microsoft included various games for the user to play, such as that of Solitaire, Hearts and Minesweeper. Microsoft also included software upgrades that allowed Windows to support networking, allowing to take a more prominent role in businesses.
As previous versions of Windows were fairly difficult to write programs for, this new release included a Software Development Kit, allowing other companies to write programs for this operating system.
Due to these vast improvements, not only did Windows see more use in the home, but it also saw more use in businesses, as it made working a lot faster to do.
1995-1998
In 1995, Microsoft released one of the most revolutionary versions of Windows: Windows 95. At the time of its release, it was the dawn of the online world, including that of the internet, fax, email, gaming and educational software. This new operating system was more powerful and included even more features than ever before.
The GUI follows suit of the previous version of Windows, utilising a very similar colour scheme. Aside from the GUI changing very little, Windows included various features to more than make up for it. Internet Explorer made it's debut on this version of windows, which was used to browse the internet.
Another feature that was introduced was that of the Start Button, which allowed the user to browse various files an applications on their computer. It also allowed the user access to the computers files and tools, such as that of Control Panel, allowing them major customisation over their PC.
This is considered one of Microsoft's most successful operating systems, as it was the perfect balance between power and usability, resulting in more use around homes and businesses across the globe.
1998-2000
Over 1998 and 2000, 3 new operating systems were released by Microsoft, two of which targeted the home-owner audience rather than the business audience. These new versions were that of Windows 98, Windows ME (Millennium Edition) and Windows 2000.
Windows 98 was a new and improved version of Windows 95 that had been optimised to increase performance value. Some of the new features that Windows 98 came with was a more optimised search functions, allowing the user to locate files and applications on their PC at a much faster rate than before. It also introduced support for DVD discs, allowing users to watch films on their computers, as well as being able to support that of USB devices.
One of the main features is the Quick-Launch Bar, which allowed users to place application icons along the start menu and simply click on them to run, rather than having to locate them on their PC.
Society
HCI in Microsoft was first devised by its founders, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, when their dream was to see a computer in every household in the near future. As such, this lead to multiple designs and developments for various different types of computers.
The first ever electronic computer that was programmable was that of the Colossus, which was first invented between WWI and WWII. The Colossus itself was huge when compared to today's computers and, as such, simply was not possible to be used in everyday households. Instead, it was used as a deciphering device in World War II by the allied troops, in order to decipher German communications.
This computer featured no interface like what we have today. I.E, there were no screens. Since then, computers have been refined and, by the time that Microsoft first started back in 1975, computers were in a manageable state in terms of size. From this, Microsoft's dream sparked and they wanted to see every household with a computer.
Before this dream was realised, other methods of computing were used, such as the punch-card machines, but again, these were too big and complicated to have in every household. Instead, the most common device found in a household was that of a typewriter.
1980 - 1981
In 1980, Microsoft developed an operating system that was named MS-DOS. This used a command-line interface, with barely any graphical features except for that of a screen with text on it. However, when it was shipped in 1981, it was confusing to use for the general public, as people were barely used to operating computers, let alone using commands to make the computer work. As such, it was very difficult to use and was only really usable by those who had training, such as the programmers themselves.
While Microsoft managed to ship these, potentially meeting their dream of distributing a computer to every household, it needed refining into something that was a lot easier and less cryptic to use.
1982-1985
As a result of MSDOS, the operating system that was too difficult to use, Microsoft further developed it into something that is much simpler. In 1983, Microsoft announced the Windows 1.0, which was another operating that, instead of using command line commands, it used that of a GUI to display various graphical elements on the screen.
Due to the design, the operating system was given the name "Windows," as the various elements on the screen were individual squares, resembling that of actual windows. This new operating system was the first major breakthrough for Microsoft that allowed worldwide adoption of computers in the home. This was due to the simplicity of the operating system where, instead of having to enter commands, the user simply used a mouse cursor to click on what they want the computer to do.
The graphical aspects made it easier to use, as users could easily distinguish the different elements of the screen and they needed no prior knowledge to operating a computer, resulting in less user input needed overall. The various graphic elements included drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons and dialogue boxes. This operating system was shipped worldwide in 1985.
1987-1990
Since Windows 1.0, Microsoft had been looking for various ways to improve it. This resulted in another milestone for Microsoft, namely that of Windows 2.0, which was released in 1987.
This new version boasted many features and improvements over the last instalment, namely that of desktop icons, expanded memory, improved graphical support and the use of hotkey shortcuts were also introduced. Aside from these features, the user was also able to overlap the various windows shown on-screen, as well as being able to control the layout of the screen.
This version of Windows also saw improvements made to it after it's release, but usually in the form of performance, rather than usability. The amount of improvements made took the version all the way up to 2.11 when another version of Windows was released. By 1988, Microsoft became the biggest PC software company in the world.
1990-1994
In 1990, Microsoft released yet another version of Windows, named Windows 3.0. This newer version saw vast improvements to the GUI, increasing the usability factor as the elements were even easier to distinguish from one another.
The graphical changes that were made were vast, as Windows was now able to support that of 16 colours, improved icons and, better yet, an even better looking GUI overall. As technology improved, Windows was made to take full advantage of this increase in power. At the time, the latest processor was that of the Intel 386, which boasted major power for it's time. As a result, the overall performance of Windows increased vastly and with it came the support for even more programs.
These new programs would run notably faster than that of the previous windows. By this time, to show off Windows 3.0's power, Microsoft included various games for the user to play, such as that of Solitaire, Hearts and Minesweeper. Microsoft also included software upgrades that allowed Windows to support networking, allowing to take a more prominent role in businesses.
As previous versions of Windows were fairly difficult to write programs for, this new release included a Software Development Kit, allowing other companies to write programs for this operating system.
Due to these vast improvements, not only did Windows see more use in the home, but it also saw more use in businesses, as it made working a lot faster to do.
1995-1998
In 1995, Microsoft released one of the most revolutionary versions of Windows: Windows 95. At the time of its release, it was the dawn of the online world, including that of the internet, fax, email, gaming and educational software. This new operating system was more powerful and included even more features than ever before.
The GUI follows suit of the previous version of Windows, utilising a very similar colour scheme. Aside from the GUI changing very little, Windows included various features to more than make up for it. Internet Explorer made it's debut on this version of windows, which was used to browse the internet.
Another feature that was introduced was that of the Start Button, which allowed the user to browse various files an applications on their computer. It also allowed the user access to the computers files and tools, such as that of Control Panel, allowing them major customisation over their PC.
This is considered one of Microsoft's most successful operating systems, as it was the perfect balance between power and usability, resulting in more use around homes and businesses across the globe.
1998-2000
Over 1998 and 2000, 3 new operating systems were released by Microsoft, two of which targeted the home-owner audience rather than the business audience. These new versions were that of Windows 98, Windows ME (Millennium Edition) and Windows 2000.
Windows 98 was a new and improved version of Windows 95 that had been optimised to increase performance value. Some of the new features that Windows 98 came with was a more optimised search functions, allowing the user to locate files and applications on their PC at a much faster rate than before. It also introduced support for DVD discs, allowing users to watch films on their computers, as well as being able to support that of USB devices.
One of the main features is the Quick-Launch Bar, which allowed users to place application icons along the start menu and simply click on them to run, rather than having to locate them on their PC.
While Windows 98 boasted a heap full of features, Windows ME (Millennium Edition) boasted an even further optimised and improved operating system for use in the home. For this particular version, Microsoft considered what a household would need in terms of use and expanded on them. This version came with features that improved the music and video aspects of previous versions, which saw common use in the average household.
This version also came with various improvements to the reliability of the computer itself, as well as the introduction of System Restore, which allowed a user to restore their computer to a previous time, improving the computers life significantly.
Another program was added to this version of Windows, namely that of Windows Movie Maker, which allowed users to edit and save various different videos. An improved Windows Media Player boasted useful features in regards to music and video playback, such as that of a much improved interface.
The last version that was released in that time frame was that of Windows 2000 Professional. This version was built as an "ultimate" edition, designed to replace Windows 95, 98 and Windows NT Workstation 4.0. However, this version was more aimed at businesses than that of home use. It also utilises an entirely different code base to it's predecessors, improving the performance of the operating system.
Some of the features that this operating system include that of reliability, allowing the computer to last longer, ease of use, making it easier for everyday users to use, internet compatibility and support for mobile computing, making it much easier to use the computer while on-the-go.
2001-2005
In 2001, the next hugely successful operating system from Microsoft, Windows XP is released. By the time this was released, over 1 billion PCs had been shipped worldwide. Windows XP is one of Microsoft's best selling operating systems, even today at 13 years old.
This new version boasted numerous features over it's predecessors, namely that of a much higher performance rate and stability. Also, unlike versions before it, XP used an altered GUI, which used different colours, mainly that of blue and white.
Windows XP also expands on it's previous features, such as the Start menu, taskbar and control panel, and makes it even easier to use. Awareness of viruses and hacker attempts increases, and Windows XP takes some huge steps to counter them, by issuing regular security updates to the operating system and the Help and Support section has been improved.
A version of XP for use in the home was also developed, known as Windows XP Professional, featuring enhanced versions of the software that is frequently used by home-owners, such as that of the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker and further enhanced digital graphics capabilities. While tailored for use in the home, it is also suitable for businesses as well.
Windows XP also provides additional support for new security features, such as that of an encryption system to enhance the security when browsing online. Remote Assistance technology was also introduced in Windows XP, which allowed another user to take over the PC from another location. This was usually used by technical support to fix various issues on someone's computer.
Another form of communication was introduced as well, called Windows Messenger or "MSN". This was a text-based chat system, which allowed quick communication between users who had an account on there.
There were three versions of Windows XP that were released between 2001 and 2005, namely that of Windows XP 64-bit edition, which was the first operating system created by Microsoft for 64-bit processors, Windows XP Media Center Edition, which was tailored for movies and music, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, which was an operating system built for use on a tablet, which is widely used today.
2006-2008
In 2006, another version of the Windows operating system came into being, which was known as Windows Vista. This is, comparably, the least liked operating system from Microsoft, as there were a lot of problems, as well as a very high memory consumption. As a result, many people stuck with Windows XP.
However, this version provided unrivalled security through the use of new features, such as software that prevents changes from being made to your PC without permission. Encryption software was also enhanced, to provide better security online.
The interface dramatically changed, featuring a new era of colouring schemes. Instead of utilising solid colours, the GUI used that of transparency and effects for the GUI, making it seem a lot more modern than that of XP. Aside from just a GUI overhaul, the Start button was also redesigned and was made circular, rather than rectangular.
2009-2011
In 2009, another instalment in the Windows operating systems was released, named Windows 7. This is arguably one of the best operating systems that Microsoft has made, as it includes many different features, as well as providing improvements to older ones.
This version of Windows was mainly tailored for use with wireless interactivity, as the modern era has turned to wireless internet browsing. As such, this led to more laptops being sold than that of desktops and, as a result, Microsoft seized the opportunity to create an operating system specifically for this purpose.
Due to these changes in how computers are used, security has been vastly improved on this operating system in order to protect against the ever-growing virus and hacker threat. With wireless internet browsing, there are many security risks when connecting to wireless internet at public places, such as a coffee shop. As such, security is unrivalled in this operating system.
Other features, to help with usability, were introduced to Windows 7, such as that of Snap, Peek and Shake. Snap allowed users to simply drag a windows to either the top, left or right of the screen, and the window would automatically resize itself to fit, increasing the rate of interactivity with the operating system.
Peek has two main functionalities: to look at the desktop, without closing or minimising any windows, and to minimise all windows at once. Windows 7 also widely supports that of touchscreen technology, allowing users to interact with the operating system with touchscreen devices.
2012-2013
By 2012, touchscreen was seeing more and more use and, as with wireless internet browsing, Microsoft developed another operating system to cater for these needs. Windows 8 was the result of this. The Windows operating systems followed a pattern in their design: they would have a wide open space for the desktop icons, a start button it the bottom left corner and a quick launch bar running alongside the start button.
With Windows 8 however, the GUI received a massive overhaul. It was incredibly simplified into a picture based desktop, where it consisted of nothing but enlarged icons of various programs. Windows 8 followed a "tile" appearance in the GUI. The start button was also removed.
This change received a lot of mixed opinions: some users liked the change, whereas others felt the opposite. In response to these opinions, Microsoft sought a compromise. It resulted in the ability to make Windows 8 look like Windows 7, so users could experience the full power of the new operating system, while maintaining the appearance of its predecessor. Many users didn't like the removal of the start button, either, so Microsoft decided to place it in Windows 8.
Overall, the security features were expanded upon, along with more support for touchscreen devices, as tablets and other devices started to see much wider use.
Later on in 2013, Microsoft released another version of Windows 8, named Windows 8.1. This version took the features of it's predecessor and made improvements to them, as well as including new features, based on customer feedback of the last version.
This result in a much improved version of Windows 8, which now includes various different features such as the return of the Start button, Bing Smart Search to increase the speed of locating items on the PC and the web, an option to boot directly to the desktop.
Aside from these new features, Windows 8.1 also includes new apps to help the user with various things, such as Bing Food & Drink, Bing Health & Fitness and other useful tools, such as a Reading List, Calculator and an Alarm.
Conclusion
Microsoft's goal right from the start was to get every household in the world to own a PC. Due to the technological breakthroughs and persistence from Microsoft, that dream has now become a reality. This has significantly shaped society, as computers have no become a part of everyday life to the point where we can't live without them.
While computers provide many benefits, such as faster processing than human capability, we have become too reliant on them. This has led to excessive use of computers to the point where people are becoming secluded. As a result, people have adapted without physical interaction with others, which undoubtedly led to a lot of anti-social behaviour.
So, although computers have seen excessive use in the home, they have helped businesses immensely, allowing them to grow and expand at a much faster rate than if they didn't have them.
In terms of Microsoft's operating system, Windows, it has evolved significantly to keep with the change in technology. This is clearly shown with Windows 7, when the age of mobile internet browsing came to be and then Windows 8, which adapted to the sudden popularity of touchscreen devices and mobile internet browsing. It can also be clearly seen in that of Windows XP, when awareness of computer hackers and viruses came about, Microsoft responded with enhanced security features to counter this.
Society
HCI has become a key part of modern society, as more means of communicating are being invented. Through the use of social media websites, more people have taken to going online rather than interacting with other people physically.
At first, social media was only available on the home computer, but now it is accessible through portable means, such as that of smart phones and tablets. As such, this has led to people using HCI to communicate with others on a daily basis and, inevitably, this has led to people becoming more secluded.
While seclusion is a major issue with HCI, it has led to a much larger range of communication with the outside world, namely that of being able to speak to people that aren't just in your own country, but instead are able to speak to people overseas.
Economy
Everything, including businesses, has become more reliant on HCI in order to function. This is due to computers being able to process more than a human brain, as well as being able to process faster. For HCI to work both humans and computers are needed in order to work and, as such, computers started to be integrated into workplaces all over the world.
This is clearly evident in that of shops, where a till is used by an employee in order to process costs and keep track of stock, as well as many other functions. Through the implementation of HCI within businesses, they were able to work faster which inevitably lead to faster business growth.
Culture
HCI has affected cultures in many different ways, involving that of age groups, racial groups and gender groups.
Age
A very clear example of age groups being affected by HCI is with that of parents and their children. In many cases today, there are parents that grew up without the technology that is seen everywhere today and, as such, are hesitant to adapt to these changes. This results in less technology being used by older age groups, as they simply don't like change.
A major example of HCI can be seen with that of video games, where the user is constantly needed for input. As video games have improved over the years however, more variations have been released that include various elements that people would deem inappropriate, such as that of gore or bad language.
This has resulted in age barriers being placed on games, depending on their content, starting from age 3+ all the way up to 18+. This has had a major affect on culture, as it clearly demonstrates what children should and should not be exposed to. This is because it may result in far reaching consequences if, for example, a 6 year old were to play an 18+ game. One consequence that is hugely debated today is that of the psychological effect it will have in the future.
Gender
A lot of HCI nowadays is not gender specific but, instead, is usable by both male and females. This is because a lot of HCI follows a simple design that appeals to both genders, as well as providing the means to customise it, making it suit the user’s needs.
This has been a boon to that of HCI's effect on culture, as there is segregation as to what each user can and can't buy. There are some cases, however, where HCI devices, such as that of smart phones, are coloured in ways that the opposite gender may not like, such as that of a pink smart phone, which would reduce that chance of males buying it, as it is seen as a feminine colour.
To counter this, however, many smart phones provide colours that are both gender specific and non-gender specific, meaning that users can still get the phone they want, instead of not buying it because it looks to masculine or feminine.
Racial
An example that shows how HCI has affected racial culture can be seen in that of language barriers. As most races, such as that of Africans, speak different languages, it was hard in the past to communicate with them.
With the introduction of HCI however, solutions have been made to understand that of other languages, simply by entering what you want in your own native language and then what language you want it converted to. A good example of where this is shown can be seen with that of Google Translate.
Another example can be seen with that of poorer countries, such as Africa, which have very little technology that allows them to communicate with other effectively, if at all. With the introduction of HCI to these poorer countries, they now have the means to communicate with others.
For example, more people in Africa are using mobile phones every day, allowing them to communicate with others in their own country and across the globe. This provides them with options that were not available before, such as calling for an ambulance when they are in trouble.
Much like the more economically stable countries, HCI is becoming widely used and soon it will be part of everyday life.
D1 - Evaluate the impact of a potential future development in HCI
There are many breakthroughs that are being made in the technology industry, especially concerning that of HCI. These developments range from assisting people who have disabilities, allowing them to perform everyday tasks that they couldn't before. Or these developments simply make interacting with a computer a lot easier and makes for a more user-friendly experience. Or better yet, these breakthroughs can simply improve an interface, or make another way entirely of interacting with it.
Bionic hand that can feel
An example of a breakthrough that have helped people overcome disabilities is that of a cybernetic arm that can be controlled by someone. While cybernetic limbs are not new news, this particular breakthrough allows for the user to actually feel what the arm touches, as well as being able to move it.
This is a huge breakthrough that will be developed further to cater for every possibility concerning loss of limbs or loss of felling in limbs. Although, the arm looks very machine-like, it is likely that this will be further developed in the future to replicate that of a real arm, making it seem natural. Given that most cybernetic arms that are already out today have a rubber layer over it to make it seem more natural, it is likely that this breakthrough will receive the same treatment.
For people that were born with missing limbs, they would have grown up without them and, as such, it will be a first time experience for them. For others who have lost a limb in an accident, for example, may be embarrassed or disheartened by this and, as a result, may become reclusive, as they can't do what they used to be able to do. These breakthroughs will give them the chance to, not only experience having limbs again, but also to fit back in with society.
As these limbs don't rely on muscle input, but rather the users thoughts, it creates a massive opportunity to vastly impact current HCI technology. This is not just a limb that can move, but it is tapped into the users nerves to send transmissions to the brain when this limb has actually touched something, giving the sense of feeling back to those who have lost it. As a result of this, it not only affects those who have lost limbs, but it also affects those who are paralysed, as their old limbs can be replaced with these, and they will then have movement again.
From a society standpoint, these breakthroughs will allow people with disabilities to fit back into the world. For example, many places include that of a building for the physically disabled. However, with these limbs, this seclusion will no longer exist and instead, they will be able to fit into society. Considering user input however, it is likely that a permanent version of these limbs would have to be made, as creating temporary versions would require a lot of technical knowledge to set it up, as it requires the attachment to the human nerves. So, in terms of simplification, these limbs are anything but simple.
Economically, these limbs that can feel will have a relatively small affect on the economy. While this technology will be very expensive, there's no guarantee that these will be bought for the prices given, potentially resulting in no change at all. However, there is a chance that these will be widely adopted and could replace current prosthetic limbs entirely. As the physically disabled would purchase these, it would allow them to get jobs that they wouldn't be able to otherwise, boosting the economy.
With culture, these breakthroughs would allow the use of technology that the physically disabled wouldn't be able to use otherwise, such as that of mobile phones and laptops. Many of the physically disabled may be disheartened because of their disability and, as such, it can have a bad psychological effect of the individual. However, as these individuals gain a limb back, that can also feel, it is like they have never lost the limb. As such, this would be a boon to the individual's psychological mind.
Holographic technology
Holographic technology is another major breakthrough that is a completely new way of interacting with computers. Instead of utilising physical interaction, such as a keyboard, holographic technology relies on pure light to cast the interface.
In the video below is not true holographic interaction, as it relies on light that is being projected onto a gas that has density, such as smoke. As the gas has density, the light is able to be cast and to be seen on it. In this case, the gas is being dispersed into a square-shape in order to replicate that of a real screen. As the projector can detect human interaction, which is also commonly seen today in thing such as smart boards, it can be used to manipulate the interface.
While this is an entirely new way of interacting, this version of holographic technology is not a true hologram. Advances in technology have been compared to that of a famous scene from Star Wars: A New Hope, where one of the characters projects a holographic image onto the ground, using nothing but light:
Current technology does not yet meet this standard, but it is progressing towards it. By having an interface like this, many hurdles will be overcome, such as that of health and safety of current technology, such as keyboards. While current keyboards leave residue of germs, holographic interfaces will not, as residue of germs cannot be left on light, as it is not physical.
However, one of the many disadvantages of holographic technology could be that of energy consumption. By comparing modern technology, such as a normal keyboard and a keyboard with LEDs behind each key, the keyboard with the LEDs will consume more energy, as more energy is being distributed to the lights. As holographic technology relies on pure light, it is likely that it will consume even more.
The impact that this technology will have is that soon, it is likely that it will replace that of everyday HCI technology, such as that of keyboards and monitors. As it would be a major overhaul of HCI in general, it is a huge impact, as the way of interaction differs hugely from current technology.
From a society standpoint, this technology will offer more interaction with an interface. As it requires more physical movement to use, this interface will increase the amount of exercise that a user receives, thus tackling problems that our society faces, such as lack of exercise.
From an economic point of view, holographic technology could damage the market for certain computer components, such as that of a monitor, as well as some touchscreen technology, as both of these would be rendered obsolete because holographic technology has both aspects. As such, there would be a smaller market for that of monitors and touchscreen technology, potentially damaging companies that make these.
On top of that, the size of these would be reduced, as the holographic technology is projected, meaning space would only be taken when the interface is actually projected. Again, potentially damaging companies that make solid components, such as the monitor.
As these would be pure light, the energy consumption would be considerably increased from monitors, resulting in more money being spent on electricity.
From a cultural standpoint, the way that computers are used would be completely different. This is due to the interface changing entirely. As light has no feeling, it may take a while to adjust to input without touch but, when people have eventually adjusted, there is no limit to what can be displayed as all it needs is a projection. Unlike current computers, holographic technology would require input from the users hands in the form of gestures: I.E. actually reaching out and touching the light to manipulate the interface.
Aside from the change in which a computer is interacted with, there is nothing that suggests it will be more beneficial than current means of interaction, but rather simply an alternative way to interact with a computer.
Virtual Reality
Another form of HCI that has been created is that of Virtual Reality devices, which will allow a user to experience an interface as if it was actually in front of them when, in reality, it is seen through the use of various devices. These devices will provide the means to be soaked into the computer itself, whether it's a desktop or whether it's a video game world.
An example of the capabilities of Virtual Reality can be seen in this video:
There are many breakthroughs that are being made in the technology industry, especially concerning that of HCI. These developments range from assisting people who have disabilities, allowing them to perform everyday tasks that they couldn't before. Or these developments simply make interacting with a computer a lot easier and makes for a more user-friendly experience. Or better yet, these breakthroughs can simply improve an interface, or make another way entirely of interacting with it.
Bionic hand that can feel
An example of a breakthrough that have helped people overcome disabilities is that of a cybernetic arm that can be controlled by someone. While cybernetic limbs are not new news, this particular breakthrough allows for the user to actually feel what the arm touches, as well as being able to move it.
For people that were born with missing limbs, they would have grown up without them and, as such, it will be a first time experience for them. For others who have lost a limb in an accident, for example, may be embarrassed or disheartened by this and, as a result, may become reclusive, as they can't do what they used to be able to do. These breakthroughs will give them the chance to, not only experience having limbs again, but also to fit back in with society.
As these limbs don't rely on muscle input, but rather the users thoughts, it creates a massive opportunity to vastly impact current HCI technology. This is not just a limb that can move, but it is tapped into the users nerves to send transmissions to the brain when this limb has actually touched something, giving the sense of feeling back to those who have lost it. As a result of this, it not only affects those who have lost limbs, but it also affects those who are paralysed, as their old limbs can be replaced with these, and they will then have movement again.
From a society standpoint, these breakthroughs will allow people with disabilities to fit back into the world. For example, many places include that of a building for the physically disabled. However, with these limbs, this seclusion will no longer exist and instead, they will be able to fit into society. Considering user input however, it is likely that a permanent version of these limbs would have to be made, as creating temporary versions would require a lot of technical knowledge to set it up, as it requires the attachment to the human nerves. So, in terms of simplification, these limbs are anything but simple.
Economically, these limbs that can feel will have a relatively small affect on the economy. While this technology will be very expensive, there's no guarantee that these will be bought for the prices given, potentially resulting in no change at all. However, there is a chance that these will be widely adopted and could replace current prosthetic limbs entirely. As the physically disabled would purchase these, it would allow them to get jobs that they wouldn't be able to otherwise, boosting the economy.
With culture, these breakthroughs would allow the use of technology that the physically disabled wouldn't be able to use otherwise, such as that of mobile phones and laptops. Many of the physically disabled may be disheartened because of their disability and, as such, it can have a bad psychological effect of the individual. However, as these individuals gain a limb back, that can also feel, it is like they have never lost the limb. As such, this would be a boon to the individual's psychological mind.
Holographic technology
Holographic technology is another major breakthrough that is a completely new way of interacting with computers. Instead of utilising physical interaction, such as a keyboard, holographic technology relies on pure light to cast the interface.
In the video below is not true holographic interaction, as it relies on light that is being projected onto a gas that has density, such as smoke. As the gas has density, the light is able to be cast and to be seen on it. In this case, the gas is being dispersed into a square-shape in order to replicate that of a real screen. As the projector can detect human interaction, which is also commonly seen today in thing such as smart boards, it can be used to manipulate the interface.
While this is an entirely new way of interacting, this version of holographic technology is not a true hologram. Advances in technology have been compared to that of a famous scene from Star Wars: A New Hope, where one of the characters projects a holographic image onto the ground, using nothing but light:
Current technology does not yet meet this standard, but it is progressing towards it. By having an interface like this, many hurdles will be overcome, such as that of health and safety of current technology, such as keyboards. While current keyboards leave residue of germs, holographic interfaces will not, as residue of germs cannot be left on light, as it is not physical.
However, one of the many disadvantages of holographic technology could be that of energy consumption. By comparing modern technology, such as a normal keyboard and a keyboard with LEDs behind each key, the keyboard with the LEDs will consume more energy, as more energy is being distributed to the lights. As holographic technology relies on pure light, it is likely that it will consume even more.
The impact that this technology will have is that soon, it is likely that it will replace that of everyday HCI technology, such as that of keyboards and monitors. As it would be a major overhaul of HCI in general, it is a huge impact, as the way of interaction differs hugely from current technology.
From a society standpoint, this technology will offer more interaction with an interface. As it requires more physical movement to use, this interface will increase the amount of exercise that a user receives, thus tackling problems that our society faces, such as lack of exercise.
From an economic point of view, holographic technology could damage the market for certain computer components, such as that of a monitor, as well as some touchscreen technology, as both of these would be rendered obsolete because holographic technology has both aspects. As such, there would be a smaller market for that of monitors and touchscreen technology, potentially damaging companies that make these.
On top of that, the size of these would be reduced, as the holographic technology is projected, meaning space would only be taken when the interface is actually projected. Again, potentially damaging companies that make solid components, such as the monitor.
As these would be pure light, the energy consumption would be considerably increased from monitors, resulting in more money being spent on electricity.
From a cultural standpoint, the way that computers are used would be completely different. This is due to the interface changing entirely. As light has no feeling, it may take a while to adjust to input without touch but, when people have eventually adjusted, there is no limit to what can be displayed as all it needs is a projection. Unlike current computers, holographic technology would require input from the users hands in the form of gestures: I.E. actually reaching out and touching the light to manipulate the interface.
Aside from the change in which a computer is interacted with, there is nothing that suggests it will be more beneficial than current means of interaction, but rather simply an alternative way to interact with a computer.
Virtual Reality
Another form of HCI that has been created is that of Virtual Reality devices, which will allow a user to experience an interface as if it was actually in front of them when, in reality, it is seen through the use of various devices. These devices will provide the means to be soaked into the computer itself, whether it's a desktop or whether it's a video game world.
An example of the capabilities of Virtual Reality can be seen in this video:
This video is of a user playing the game Skyrim through the use of various tools to simulate reality. Interaction with a computer itself would require fewer devices, such as that which is necessary like a keyboard, as well as a means of experiencing the interface as if it were there, such as the goggles seen in this video, known as the Oculus Rift.
However, this video in particular doesn't show the use of an interface, but rather that of a game world. As such, various different devices are required to simulate other things, such as character movement and interaction in the game world.
In this video in particular, the user has used the Oculus Rift goggles for sight, which allows the camera in the game to turn with his own head movements and for the user to see what would usually be displayed on a television screen through these goggles.
To handle movement and jumping, a device known as the Cyberith Virtualiser, which is comparable to that of a treadmill, except that it moves when the user moves. On top of this, there is also a chassis, of sorts, that is placed round the user waist, which is used to simulate the jumping and crouching aspects of virtual reality, as it moves wherever the users waist moves.
Finally, the last device is that of the Wii Remote, which are used to simulate the characters hand movements. In the video it can be seen when the user is using various weaponry, such as that of bows and swords. As the Wii Remote use Bluetooth to connect wirelessly, it can be configured to make it work with multiple platforms.
This technology is still in it's prototype stage however, meaning that it isn't yet fully complete. As such, there are still some major changes that will be made to this technology in the future. A clear example is that of the Wii Remote: these are not permanent tools that will be used, but they are a decent substitute until the Oculus Rift VR is perfected.
In the future, it is likely that this form of Virtual Reality will change the gaming environment entirely, as it is being constantly developed. As such, this will likely result in a major overhaul of gaming and will see regular use in the gaming environment. On top of that, Virtual Reality boasts the benefits of experiencing the game world on an immersive level, where the player actually feels like they are in the game world, all the while they are physically exercising.
As such, this is a major boon to society, as the gaming community nowadays is very lazy, with a lot of people not getting the recommended daily exercise. Virtual Reality as a whole will eliminate this issue. However, for day-to-day computer interaction, such as that of a home desktop computer, it is unlikely that Virtual Reality will be used in the future, as there is simply no need for it.
From a society standpoint, this technology is fairly sophisticated to setup, meaning that it needs user knowledge in order to be used properly. However, VR will seem more natural to humans, as they actually feel that they are the character. In terms of video games for example, it is likely that this will lead to a immersive experience.
On the other hand, this may not be usable by those with physical disabilities and, as such, this will need adapting in order to function correctly. Again, in terms of video games, there is no way this would work for someone with disabilities without some major adjustments both to the game and equipment.
From an economic standpoint, this technology would increase economy vastly, as this equipment would be fairly expensive. People will, however, pay for this equipment and given that there is a huge market for gaming, it is likely that a lot of people would buy this equipment for the immersive experience.
From a cultural standpoint, this technology will likely see wider use for gaming and simulators than anything else, meaning that it will only really affect these areas. This technology however, will change the way these are experienced and it is likely that this technology will be improved over time, to give the best experience possible.
As the user would feel like they are actually in the game world or a simulator, their brain would respond as if the event is actually happening to them. Psychologically, these people would react to situations as if they were there, adding to the immersive aspect. However, this may not be a good thing, as games or simulators may appear to realistic.
If a user were to play a horror game, for example, where they would be chased by a murderer, it is likely that the brain would respond as it would naturally if that situation actually happened. As such, this would result in potentially damaging psychological effects in the long run.
Sources:
Colossus Computer Image
Windows Timeline (Images included on the various time frame milestones)
Prosthetic Arm Video
Holographic Technology Video
Star Wars Hologram Video
Skyrim Virtual Reality Video
Flight Simulator Image
